George Berkeley

George Berkeley ( ; 12 March 168514 January 1753) – known as Bishop Berkeley (Bishop of Cloyne of the Anglican Church of Ireland) – was an Anglo-Irish philosopher whose primary achievement was the advancement of a theory he called "immaterialism" (later referred to as "subjective idealism" by others). This theory denies the existence of material substance and instead contends that familiar objects like tables and chairs are ideas perceived by the mind and, as a result, cannot exist without being perceived. Berkeley is also known for his critique of abstraction, an important premise in his argument for immaterialism. Interest in his works increased significantly in the United States during the 19th century, and the University of California, Berkeley, is named after him.

In 1709, Berkeley published his first major work, ''An Essay Towards a New Theory of Vision'', in which he discussed the limitations of human vision and advanced the theory that the proper objects of sight are not material objects, but light and colour. This foreshadowed his chief philosophical work, ''A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge'', in 1710, which, after its poor reception, he rewrote in dialogue form and published under the title ''Three Dialogues Between Hylas and Philonous'' in 1713. In this book, Berkeley's views were represented by Philonous (Greek: "lover of mind"), while Hylas ("hyle", Greek: "matter") embodies Berkeley's opponents, in particular John Locke.

Berkeley argued against Isaac Newton's doctrine of absolute space, time and motion in ''De Motu'' (''On Motion''), published 1721. His arguments were a precursor to the views of Ernst Mach and Albert Einstein. In 1732, he published ''Alciphron'', a Christian apologetic against the free-thinkers, and in 1734, he published ''The Analyst'', a critique of the foundations of calculus, which was influential in the development of mathematics.

Interest in Berkeley's work increased after World War II because he tackled many of the issues of paramount interest to philosophy in the 20th century, such as the problems of perception, the difference between primary and secondary qualities, and the importance of language. Provided by Wikipedia