| Summary: | Inadequate hydration is a public health issue that imposes a significant
economic burden. In Spain, data of total water intake (TWI) are scarce. There is a clear need for a
national study that quantifies water and beverage intakes and explores associations between the
types of beverages and energy intakes. Methods: The Anthropometry, Intake and Energy Balance
Study ANIBES is a national survey of diet and nutrition conducted among a representative sample of
2285 healthy participants aged 9–75 years in Spain. Food and beverage intakes were assessed in a
food diary over three days. Day and time of beverage consumption were also recorded. Results: On
average, TWI was 1.7 L (SE 21.2) for men and 1.6 L (SE 18.9) for women. More than 75% of participants
had inadequate TWI, according to European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) recommendations. Mean
total energy intake (EI) was 1810 kcal/day (SE 11.1), of which 12% was provided by beverages. Water
was the most consumed beverage, followed by milk. The contribution of alcoholic drinks to the EI
was near 3%. For caloric soft drinks, a relatively low contribution to the EI was obtained, only 2%.
Of eight different types of beverages, the variety score was positively correlated with TWI (r = 0.39)
and EI (r = 0.23), suggesting that beverage variety is an indicator of higher consumption of food
and drinks. Conclusions: The present study demonstrates that well-conducted surveys such as
the ANIBES study have the potential to yield rich contextual value data that can emphasize the
need to undertake appropriate health and nutrition policies to increase the total water intake at the
population level promoting a healthy Mediterranean hydration pattern.
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